Transactional risks and development solutions

Hong Kong’s Hen Hao Trading Company has problems with its supply chain network. The company lacks enough supply of raw materials (quantity). It cannot produce products by itself, and hence needs to source them from the foreign manufacturers particularly in the US.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transactional risks and development solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company needs to redesign its supply chain network and employ the best strategies that will ensure a steady supply of products from the foreign companies. Through the use of researches, the company can get relevant information for suppliers in the US, and come up with the best choice after assessing the suppliers’ capabilities. This will help it note the company that meets its specifications both today and in the future. The manufacturing companies in the United States also have problems with transactions because of difficulti es in penetrating their products to Hong Kong. The companies required to get involved in transactions have varying approaches and specifications. For instance, Gumpbell’s supplying approach demands periodic price adjustments, while that of Hen Hao demands fixed price within a specified period. The differences in their specifications make transactions difficult. To curb this problem, both the preferred buyer and preferred suppliers should engage in a meeting, discuss and come up with a mutually agreed contract. This agreement may entail the specifications of both parties, future transactions, and the purchase order proposals among other things that should be adhered to after the start of transactions. For instance, hen Hao and Gumpbell can settle their differences and transact businesses efficiently with each other. Financial risks and development solutions From the case study, it is evident that companies, both suppliers and buyers incur huge losses due to increased costs in their operations. Business organizations should follow the business rule of satisfying customers profitably (Nellore, 2001). They should curb financial risks surrounding them in order to make profits. This can be achieved by cutting on costs and maximizing on profits. Hen Hao Company has financial problems, and that is why it insists on looking for a manufacturing company that will agree to sign a contract of supplying products at a fixed cost for three years. However, Gumpbell, one of the suppliers does not favor long term supply contracts with its customers. The firm insists on price adjustments, rather than fixed prices. The company employs this approach in order to cut costs, and hence curb financial risks associated with fixed-price contracts. This shows that if the company agrees to sign the contract with Hen Hao in fixed price terms, it will experience financial problems. It is recommendable for the two firms to engage with each other, discuss and consider both sides to come up with decisions that favor both sides.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The differing foreign exchange rates also contribute to financial risks, as shown in the case study. It is essential to set prices for products differently depending on the current exchange rates. This can ensure that international companies run at a profit without expensing buyers or sellers. The issue of quality is also a concern in the case study, and it contributes to both financial and transaction risks. Companies do not prefer signing transaction contracts with low quality manufacturers (Nellore, 2001). It is risky to purchase low quality products as this can lead to huge losses. Customer satisfaction demands high quality goods and services. Low quality goods or services can make a firm lose customers, and hence incur huge losses. If Hen Hao Company chooses a low quality product supplier, it will lose market for the products and will collapse in a very short time due to the financial risk. It is vital for the company to consider consistent supply of high quality products first before anything else. This will attract and encourage post-purchase of its products, and hence gain competitive advantage over its competitors. Reference Nellore, R. (2001). Managing buyer-supplier relations: The winning edge through specification management. London: Routledge. This essay on Transactional risks and development solutions was written and submitted by user Yusuf Dyer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Finding the Main Idea Answers 2

Finding the Main Idea Answers 2 If you have read How to Find the Main Idea, and have completed the Finding the Main Idea 2 activity, then, by all means read the answers below. These answers are affiliated with both the articles, and will not make much sense by themselves! Printable PDFs: Finding the Main Idea 2 Worksheet | Finding the Main Idea 2 Answers Answer 1: Classrooms This is a stated main idea: The physical environment of a classroom is extremely important because it can influence the way teachers and students feel, think, and behave. Answer 2: China Power This is a stated main idea: Whether Chinas emergence as a global power can peacefully find a place in East Asia and the world is a major issue in todays international political environment, one that warrants a responsible look. Answer 3: Rain This is an implied main idea: Its abnormal to venture out in the rain, but the positive results can be well worth it. Answer 4: Math This is an implied main idea: Although males outperform females on math tests, the cause of the discrepancy is unknown. Answer 5: Movies This is an implied main idea: People are willing to pay high prices for movies on the weekends in order to experience camaraderie with others. Answer 6: Troopathon This is an implied main idea: Melanie Morgan created the Troopathon to counteract the negative personification of troops displayed by the media. Answer 7: Relationships This is an implied main idea: Getting into a relationship is easy, but staying in one is not. Answer 8: Educational Technology This is an implied main idea: Technology is pervasive in todays classrooms, and although critics doubt its use in education, their viewpoint is faulty. Answer 9: Fair Use This is a stated main idea: The recording industry has gone too far in its fight against file sharers in that Copyright Management Systems can impinge on users fair use of digital information. Answer 10: Mares This is a stated main idea: A recent study found that more sociable mares had more foals.

Common Elements of Eastern Religious Traditions Essay

Common Elements of Eastern Religious Traditions - Essay Example y Chinese do not consider themselves spiritual but their traditions with local gods and daily practices have provided a sense of religion for them for over a thousand years. In the recent years, there has been an increase in interest between the relationship of spiritualism and business (Rarick, 2009). Daoism, also known as Taoism, has greatly shaped the Chinese way of thinking. Daoism is one of the greatest religious systems in China (Hansen, 2013). A person can be spiritual but not religious. Molloy (2010), views religion as a belief system and focuses on how those beliefs’ expression in different contexts. The meaning of religion differs depending on an individual’s society and upbringing. Religion denotes a particular system of faith and worship and/or the human recognition of a higher power (Park & Paloutzian, 2013). In the Eastern cultures, religion encompasses a set or system of beliefs and practices adhered by a given community, supported by rituals that recognize or worship the ultimate truth, reality or nirvana (Park & Paloutzian, 2013). In the natural world, spiritual relationships are important and are very common as they are part of the human survival (Molloy, 2013). Spirituality connotes the personal and effective relationship with God. It is the domain of spirits; God or gods, souls, angels, jinni, demons and metaphorical extensions to other intangible or invisible things (Park & Paloutzian, 2013). Daoism is traceable to shamanism, which spread in china and Mongolia more than ten thousand years ago. The Dao is the opposing force and energy of the universe, and is the beginning and the end of Daoism. The Dao represents a cosmic principle that permeates all the aspects of creation. The exact founding date of Daoism is unknown, even though there is a belief that the mystic Laozi (Lao Tzu) is the one who developed the spiritual and philosophical orientation of Daoism. According to Laozi, the Great Unity known as Yin and Yang ruled the universe.

Strategic Audit For Lowes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Audit For Lowes - Essay Example Back in 1962, the company had got only 15 stores and sooner the number kept increasing and so as the number of states. Today, the company is having more than 1250 stores in 49 states across U.S. Last year's sales were $43.2 Billion and the company employees are over 185,000 people. The future goals of Lowe's are simply to delight more and more of population by providing them with a luxury to feel. Lowe's uses the latest technology to assist customers and provide solutions for their home improvement projects. The majority of customers are retail customers (Do It Yourself) who are individuals buying Lowe's products, however there is a considerable amount of commercial customers as well, such as professional house builders, contractors and architects etc. The company is strategically identifying places to enter, there is a lot of gap in the market and Lowe's has got the immediate focus on filling the existing gaps in the society and to move itself from number 2 spot to number 1. The company has targeted states where the population is more than 500,000 and it is still trying to increase the number of stores by 16% a year. Lowe's is currently expanding to new markets across the U.S, also targeting metropolitan cities and recently opened new stores in metropolitan cities like New York and Chicago. ... o the strategies the company is using are in relation to the market growth and expansion which exactly is their objective apart from serving the people at their homes. The company's vision statement says, "We will provide customer-valued solutions with the best prices, products and services to make Lowe's the first choice for home improvement"(vision statement). Policies: Lowe's doesn'tjust offer the tools to help you create your dream home. We're helping lay the foundation for a better place to live. As one of the world's leading retailers, we realize everything we do impact the people and environment around us. That's whywe're committed to helping communities grow stronger. By investing in people and communities, promoting measures that protect the environment and providing opportunity in the workplace, Lowe's is raising the bar in every aspect of the way we conduct our business. To us, the best way to do business is by being a good neighbor. In the company's laws and regulations part from the employee's view point, it has been clearly stated that, Lowe's values its reputation for complying with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations in the conduct of its business. Therefore, every Employee, while acting on behalf of the company, shall comply with all applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations, and should avoid engaging in any conduct that, even though legally permissible, is inconsistent with the ethical principles to which Lowe's subscribes. If there is any uncertainty about what is required or is prohibited by law or by regulations adopted by federal, state or local government agencies, Employees should seek guidance from the company's General Counsel. Strategic Managers Board Of Directors: The company has got a list of 11 board of

Different models or theories of teaching writing in TESOL (Teaching Essay

Different models or theories of teaching writing in TESOL (Teaching English to Speaker of Other Languages) - Essay Example Learning academic English composition skills can be especially challenging and stressful for ESL students. In addition to mastering the linguistic and grammatical features of written English, second language students must learn to think, create and compose in ways that may be quite unfamiliar and different from those in their native language (Swales, 2004; Crystal, 2003). While there is a plethora of methods or approaches that have been used in the teaching of writing (see, for example, Kroll, 1990; Petrosky & Bartholomae, 1986), this paper focus on the major instructional practices which are widely used in English as secondary language teaching: the controlled composition approach, the current-traditional rhetoric approach, the communicative approach and the process approach. It discusses first the earliest approaches, then the more recent ones, with a particular focus on the process approach. The process approach is discussed in greater detail because it is widely used in TESOL. The structuralist linguistic view dominated theory and practice in the field of ESL literacy and almost exclusively guided pedagogy until about the middle of the 1960s (Kaplan, 1988; Crystal, 2003). L2 writing instruction was no exception in following audio-lingual teaching methods. Although writing was considered one of the "survival" language skills, writing was taught as a subsidiary component to oral language and was usually not dealt with until after students had acquired oral competence in English. It was believed that oral competence would automatically lead to written competence (Grabe & Kaplan, 1996). The primary technique of writing was called controlled composition, or guided composition, which modelled the "audio-lingual method" of second language teaching, focusing on recurring forms of spoken English rather than on written language (Mangelsdorf, 1989; Silva, 1990). Writing was seen as a

Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain Experiment

Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain Experiment Results Ice water seems to bring about 60% more pain than tourniquet. Placebo was quite effective against tourniquet (91.7% ±4.33) and had no effect on ice water (100.7% ±2.74) which appeared to be the second strongest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg combined with 8mg of codeine had negative effect on tourniquet (105.9% ±7.91) as students sensed more pain after taking drugs, and slight effect on ice water (97.2% ±3.17) which made it become the weakest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg reduced the pain for tourniquet significantly (88.6% ±7.94) and also did well against ice water (95.2% ±3.55). Paracetamol 1000mg acted as the best drug for both tourniquet and ice water treatment. These results are shown in Figures 1 and 2 ( see Appendices for raw data and summary data).   Figure 1. Effects of drugs on mean pain response sensed from tourniquet and ice water. Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. After 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students ( ± standard error, n=24). Figure 2 Effects of drugs on mean % pain control response sensed from tourniquet and ice water. Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. After 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( ± standard error, n=24). Discussion Paracetamol is able to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) and it is highly selective for Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II( COX-2) (Burkhard Hinz2008). Inhibition of COX enzymes causes the concentration of prostaglandin E2 to decrease, as a result, the hypothalamic set-point is lowered to reduce fever and the descending inhibitory serotonergic pathways is activated to produce analgesia (Anderson BJ 2008). Codeine is a pretty weak opioid analgesic. It has to be converted into morphine to function, this can be activated by the CYP2D6 metabolic. Codeine can reduce the analgesic efficacy in as the way it slow down the metabolizer of the drug(C. Mattia 2015). The combination of Paracetamol 1000mg with codeine 8mg is found to be more effective and safer than just using paracetamol or codeine (Aust Dent 2002). On the other hand, placebo would simply have no effect on pain level as it is just a sugar pill. As morphine inhibits hot and cold pain by inhibiting HPC but increases the firing of the cold cells, this leads to the burning sensation (Mogil 1999). This directly causes the paracetamol + codeine combination did not act what we thought, the burning sensation reduced the effectiveness of pain relief. As a result, for the ice water test, paracetamol worked as the best treatment and placebo was the weakest treatment. And for the tourniquet test which causes ischemic pain, muscle contraction increases hydrogen ions causes pH decreases and leads to acidosis, and infusion rate of acidic buffer increased and causes pain (Issberner 1996). However codeine and its product morphine are both hydrogen donors and would further increase the concentration of hydrogen inside muscle and causes more pain (Atkinson AP 2011). This explains why the paracetamol + codeine had negative effect on tourniquet test. The experiment result did not match up with hypothesis as paracetamol with codeine is not the most effective drug for both ice water and tourniquet tests. There are some steps for this experiment that can be improved. First of all at the beginning of the experiment, students cells were asleep and takes time to wake up and sense the pain correctly. Especially for ice water, as human skin would always get covered by a layer of oil secreted by sebaceous glands and dirt from environment mixture, the first attempt in ice water would take time to wash the layer off the skin and causes less pain sensed, after taking drugs, students arm were no longer protected and therefore would sense a stronger pain level faster, also the amount of ice in the tank was different and might causes error for the result. For tourniquet, students might not squeeze the rubble bulb correctly and causes difference between two runs. This experiment can be improved by getting a rubble bulb that squeeze itself automatically each time with same strength; maintain the ice water with same amount of ice and temperature; put arm into the ice water to wash off the layer and also wake it up before attempt the experiment, after five minutes of recovery (let the arm to warm up and get dried) then start the experiment. This experiment result can be used in clinical treatment and develop pain-relief drugs. In conclusion, the paracetamol 1000mg is the most effective drug to relieve both ischaemic pain and cold-induced pain. Appendices Table 1. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking placebo. The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took placebo and after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). Tourniquet 0 Tourniquet 45 Ice water 0 Ice water 45 Tourniquet % control Ice Water % Control 380 390 625 640 102.6 102.4 335 260 610 670 77.6 109.8 332 150 655 627 45.2 95.7 400 250 375 350 62.5 93.3 401 295 564 592 73.6 105.0 275 200 563 570 72.7 101.2 320 255 675 575 79.7 85.2 265 305 265 300 115.1 113.2 191 200 577 482 104.7 83.5 447 397 672 660 88.8 98.2 169 190 668 646 112.4 96.7 245 295 580 535 120.4 92.2 280 300 485 390 107.1 80.4 475 430 675 605 90.5 89.6 270 285 550 620 105.6 112.7 390 300 575 585 76.9 101.7 380 388 663 675 102.1 101.8 275 310 445 500 112.7 112.4 225 150 385 570 66.7 148.1 543 580 140 145 106.8 103.6 400 425 575 525 106.3 91.3 325 400 700 700 123.1 100.0 161 138 291 277 85.7 95.2 395 243 680 697 61.5 102.5 n 24 24 24 24 24 24 median 328.5 295 576 580 96.3 100.6 mean 328.29 297.33 541.38 539.00 91.7 100.7 stdev 96.97 106.14 150.86 146.49 21.2 13.4 SEM 19.79 21.67 30.79 29.90 4.33 2.74 Table 2. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mg. The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). Tourniquet 0 Tourniquet 45 Ice water 0 Ice water 45 Tourniquet % control Ice Water % Control 380 340 630 625 89.5 99.2 533 538 471 525 100.9 111.5 225 320 550 565 142.2 102.7 350 275 597 585 78.6 98.0 345 150 647 675 43.5 104.3 575 260 645 520 45.2 80.6 175 300 425 530 171.4 124.7 249 234 353 299 94.0 84.7 280 160 600 520 57.1 86.7 255 163 648 615 63.9 94.9 263 250 660 665 95.1 100.8 260 280 355 340 107.7 95.8 200 375 440 420 187.5 95.5 185 160 540 325 86.5 60.2 435 368 600 595 84.6 99.2 345 315 535 435 91.3 81.3 315 265 472 575 84.1 121.8 220 300 575 600 136.4 104.3 450 545 565 683 121.1 120.9 235 418 476 523 177.9 109.9 125 160 595 555 128.0 93.3 277 370 670 660 133.6 98.5 60 63 511 500 105.0 97.8 460 540 565 378 117.4 66.9 n 24 24 24 24 24 24 median 270 290 565 542.5 98.0 98.2 mean 299.88 297.88 546.88 529.71 105.9 97.2 stdev 125.33 127.25 92.13 112.04 38.8 15.5 SEM 25.58 25.97 18.81 22.87 7.91 3.17 Table 3 Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg. The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). Tourniquet 0 Tourniquet 45 Ice water 0 Ice water 45 Tourniquet % control Ice Water % Control 460 480 390 370 104.3 94.9 584 400 980 674 68.5 68.8 250 350 550 625 140.0 113.6 210 225 585 610 107.1 104.3 300 175 590 555 58.3 94.1 455 415 530 600 91.2 113.2 165 100 460 390 60.6 84.8 280 80 600 400 28.6 66.7 257 195 640 645 75.9 100.8 195 185 555 550 94.9 99.1 242 200 560 612 82.6 109.3 270 260 405 250 96.3 61.7 330 310 605 635 93.9 105.0 295 240 445 375 81.4 84.3 313 253 695 655 80.8 94.2 61 85 380 290 139.3 76.3 205 330 525 570 161.0 108.6 165 50 325 435 30.3 133.8 180 260 675 550 144.4 81.5 230 125 585 615 54.3 105.1 373 363 585 443 97.3 75.7 170 250 650 625 147.1 96.2 275 25 270 300 9.1 111.1 528 415 585 595 78.6 101.7 n 24 24 24 24 24 24 median 263.5 245 572.5 562.5 86.9 97.6 mean 283.04 240.46 548.75 515.38 88.6 95.2 stdev 123.24 125.39 143.93 131.49 38.9 17.4 SEM 25.16 25.60 29.38 26.84 7.94 3.55 References Anderson BJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen): mechanisms of action. Pediatr Anesth 2008;18:915-21. Aust Dent J. 2002 Jun;47(2):147-51.Paracetamol versus paracetamol-codeine in the treatment of post-operative dental pain: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. Macleod AG1, Ashford B, Voltz M, Williams B, Cramond T, Gorta L, Simpson JM Burkhard Hinz,Olga Cheremina and Kay Brune, February 2008, The FASEB Journalvol. 22 no. 2 383-390 C. Mattia, F. Coluzzi, 2015,A look inside the association codeine-paracetamol: clinical pharmacology supports analgesic efficacy, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, Vol. 19 N. 3, Pages: 507-516. Oxford, 2007, league table of analgesic efficacy, viewed 13 May 2015, http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/acutrev/analgesics/leagtab.html. Issberner, Reeh and Steen (1996) Pain due to tissue acidosis: a mechanism for inflammatory and ischemic myalgia? Neuroscience Letters, Vol 208, 191-194. Mogil and Adhikari (1999) Hot and cold nociception are genetically correlated. The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 19, RC25, 1-5.

Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - The Character of Pearl :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Character of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter          Pearl was known as the devils child when she was young. She would have temper tantrums and do things her mother did not like. Pearl didn't know the true meaning of he letter on her mother's bosom. When the book ended, it did not say what happened to Pearl and how she lived her life from there. I believe that after Dimmesdale died and as Pearl got older, Hester told her what the true meaning of the scarlet letter was. I think Pearl always remembered that she was the result of that letter on her mother's bosom. To that, she would live her life truly and honestly.    I assume that Pearl grew up to be a beautiful woman. I believe she married a wonderful husband, was rue to him, and both made a good living. I think they lived in a nice home and were known by many other people. They both loved their life and lived it the best they could.    Pearl and her husband eventually had children. She would have taught them to do what is right and many other good things. She would have told her children about the scarlet letter that her mother once had to wear. How she wore it because of what she did wrong, and how she lived her own life because of it. Pearl would have brought her children up the right way and how she thought was good.    They would have lived a good lifestyle and done many things together as a family. Pearl and her husband stuck together and were truthful to each other. I think Pearl lived up to her ability and was a hard worker. She lived by God's rules and did what was right. Because of knowing what her mother did, I believe that she lived an honest life. She told the truth and was true to herself and others around her. She knew right from wrong. I can see that Pearl would have helped people out and would have done many good and godly things for others.    In conclusion, I think all the doings and actions of Pearl were honest and true because of how her own mother brought her up and how her mother lived her own life.

Death Penalty in the State of Kansas

The Death Penalty issue has been a grave controversy especially in our contemporary society, not only in U.S. but also in Europe.   Unfortunately, resolving the issue is very difficult due to the complexity of the judicial system in the U.S.   State judicial systems must deal with the constitutionality of the state laws as well as their proper applic.   In addition, popular opinion is also a powerful force that may bring about changes on either whether death penalty exists at all or what weight death penalty should have versus life imprisonment without parole. These opinions may be based on religious beliefs, on human rights, on the magnitude of violence of the crimes committed, and the popular need to feel safe from violent assaults, non-homicidal and homicidal rapists, as well as violent homicidal offenders.   Other questions remain: what is the value of deterrence of the death penalty type of sentence?   What is the cost of inmates on death row?   Inmates stay on death row for a while, mainly because most of the times, they are appealing their sentence or waiting for a pardon from the state governor or even the President.   Since Kansas has reestablished the death penalty, these concerns have been of primary interest to the Kansas judicial system and the state residents. Twenty-nine years after the last execution, the state of Kansas reestablished the death penalty sentence in 1994, under SB (Senate Bill) 473 and HB (House Bill) 2578.   SB 473 states that the death penalty is restored in Kansas for first degree murders whereas HB 2578 simply authorizes the death penalty to be reenacted.   Interestingly, in an annual survey of college students across the U.S., students were asked whether they were in favor of death penalty.   In 1969, this survey reported 54% of the students in favor of the abolition of the death sentence, in 1985, it was down to 27%, in 1989 21%, and in 1995 20%. (Bedau, 85) The percentage in 1995 was the lowest and seemed to reflect a trend in young people’s general acceptance of death penalty; remember that Kansas reenacted the sentence in 1994!   Is it a coincidence?   Evidently, popular demands and trends are taken into account in state legislatures; that is the principle of democracy.   The Gallup News service reported on June 1st 2006 that back in 1994, 65% of the entire population of the U.S. favored life without parole whereas in 2006, 80% favored life without parole. Further, they also reported that in 2006, 47% were for the death penalty while 48% were for life without parole. (Newport, Gallup)   Consequently, based on these data, the attitude the American people has gradually changed to favoring life without parole with a 50/50 division over the choice between life without parole and death penalty.   The examination here is that the legality of death penalty is always measured against contemporary standards of morality.   Therefore, the trend that has been observed in the past few years shows that more and more people do not support the death penalty, illustrating a change of views.   (Bedau, 90) Kansas law allows for death penalty but also for life without parole.   According to the 2005 Kansas Death Penalty Guide, the exact description of the crimes punishable by death in Kansas is given in the KSA 21-3439 reenactment as capital murder with 8 aggravating circumstances.   Death is given by lethal injection.   For a life sentence in Kansas, persons who are guilty of capital murder will be jailed for 25-50 years.   The sentence must be served entirely before the individual can be eligible for parole.   There is no good behavior credit. (Kansas, 1) Carlson and Garrett (Carlson, Garrett, 5) give the 3 major sanctions available in the U.S. judicial system, economic penalties, probation, and incarceration, as well as the 4 primary goals of incarceration, deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation.   The following remarks summarize briefly the position of supporters or opponents of death penalty, respectively.   The death penalty sentence is viewed as a way to deter other criminals from committing crimes, incapacitating the criminal on death row who will pay a retribution for his crimes by his or her death. If someone is on death row, there is a feeling that he or she will not be able to be rehabilitated.   As for life without parole, the long-term incarceration will serve as deterrent for the criminal and others outside; it will incapacitate the criminal while the long sentence without any credit is considered a retribution for the crime.   In this case, there is a feeling that the criminal will be able to be rehabilitated if he or she lives longer than the sentence. (Bedau, 127) This is the basic controversy of death versus life imprisonment. For any death penalty case, that includes Kansas, there is a diversity of factors to be considered to decide whether or not capital cases are pursued.   There are factors that differ for every case, for every state, for every crime committed, and for every inmate whose past may not have been exemplary. (Cassell, Bedau, 118)   In addition, jurors and prosecutors must be sure that death penalty can be applied in the case they are working on. However, the decision process for any juror is still subjective because his or her decision is still dependent upon the strength of the prosecution’s arguments as well as evidence, the degree of certainty that the person is not innocent, the legal defense’s arguments and evidence if any, and the crime committed against the victim and the family.   The judge must follow the case tightly and apply the law in a correct fashion.   However, the interpretation of the law can also be subjective.   Each capital case trial is very hard to go through because it entails numerous problems that can take time to sort out with respect to state laws versus the U.S. Constitution. (Bedau, 183) Interpretation of the law in Kansas has been a source of contentions among supporters for sentencing to death, opponents, and the judicial system.   The main debate is centered on the constitutionality of death penalty and the interpretation of the Constitution.   To concretely illustrate the dispute and its complexity, the case of Kansas vs. Marsh needs to be considered.   The case is the following.   In 1996, Michael Marsh broke into the home of a family with a 19 month-old baby. His goal was to get money to take a trip to Alaska by kidnapping the mother and the child in order to ask for a ransom from the husband and father.   Unfortunately, events turned awful when Marsh panicked, killing the mother by shooting her 3 times in the head, stabbing her twice, and doused her with lighter fluid.   He then set the body on fire, ran away, leaving the baby inside to burn to death.   The mother survived for 6 days in the hospital and died of multiple organ failures.   Marsh was charged with capital murder, first-degree premeditated murder, aggravated arson, and aggravated burglary. A Kansas jury found him guilty on all counts and sentenced him to death for the capital murder of the child.   Marsh appealed his sentence to the Kansas Supreme Court.   The Court found that the Kansas death penalty statute was in fact unconstitutional because in Kansas, there is no â€Å"fundamental fairness† rule.   What this means is that if a criminal is sentenced to death while the aggravating factors of the prosecution equal the mitigating factors of the defense, then by fundamental fairness, the death sentence is nullified.   However, in Kansas, the fundamental fairness rule does not exist. In Marsh’s case, the aggravating factors equaled the mitigating factors as determined by the jury and caused the verdict to stand, based on the jury instructions from the Kansas statute,.   So, the basic question is: is the Kansas death penalty statute upheld when aggravating factors equal mitigating factors and if it is upheld, is it a violation of the Constitution?   The State of Kansas took the case to the U.S Supreme Court in December 1995.   The Supreme Court determined that the statute permits death sentences in the event of a tie between aggravating and mitigating factors. (Mandery, 124) However, the key lies with who has the final burden of proof for outweighing the factors. As a comparison, when there is tie, the death penalty statute in Arizona allows the defendant to reply that the mitigating factors outweigh the aggravating ones and prove it against the prosecution aggravating proof.   In Kansas, the burden is still on the prosecution without any additional actions from the defendant.   Since the prosecution did not prove the mitigating factors outweighed the aggravating factors, the death sentence was overturned.   Justice Souter commented on what he called the â€Å"morally absurd† Kansas death penalty statute that permits a death sentence even if the prosecution has failed to prove that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, accusing Kansas law to increase the incidence of death penalty sentences. Justice Scalia wrote a document on his opinion of the case.   Dealing with Justice Souter’s comments, he shamed Souter’s view as regarding the death penalty as â€Å"an undesirable situation.†Ã‚   Additionally, he also pointed out that, even if some of his colleagues disagree with the idea of a death penalty, 38 states do impose the penalty while scrutinizing the verdicts for wrongful executions, implying that death penalty sentences are properly assigned.   Souter’s point was that death penalty is serious enough that it should be reviewed. (Campbell, Star-Telegram) As one can see in the above case, many steps had to be completed to get to the final decision.   So, a very safe assumption is that this trial and associated inmate expenses must have been very high.   One of the chief complaints that Kansas opponents of death penalty have, besides moral or religious reasons, is the cost of the procedures.   They claim that death row cases cost a lot more than life without parole cases.   The money that would be saved should be spent on crime prevention. (Bedau, 91)   Gottfried reports that on average $20,000 is spent on life without parole inmates/year, a third less than for capital cases. (Gottfried, 2002) Kansas is not the only state that reestablished death penalty.   However, it was done in 1994, at a time when many Americans supported capital punishment.   It seems true that support or opposition to the death penalty is a reflection of the contemporary morality views of the public.   It does not look like people support it now.   The U.S. Supreme court seems to agree that this type of punishment should be reviewed, revised or completely eliminated based on moral and legal grounds.   Yet, abolishing death penalty in Kansas because it costs too much is not a very serious and moral reason to do it.   The problem really resides in the application of the laws.   Death penalty may be a way to punish violent criminals but nobody knows how to properly justify using it. Works Cited Bedau HA. The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Newport F. (editor) Gallup News Service. â€Å"Death Penalty†. The Gallup Polls Briefing June 1 2006. â€Å"2005 Kansas Death Penalty Guide† Amnesty International USA Kansas State University, Chapter 254 January 10, 2004: 1. November 18, 2006 Carlson PM, Garrett JS. Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theories. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1999. Chassell PG, Bedau HA. Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Mandery EJ. Capital Punishment: A Balanced Examination . Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005. Campbell L. (editor) â€Å"Sounds Like A Sore Winner from Here.† Star-Telegram June 29 2006. Gottfried T. The Death Penalty: Justice or Legalized Murder? Twenty First Century Books, 2002.

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria Most bacteria are classified into two broad categories: Gram positive and Gram negative. These categories are based on their cell wall composition and reaction to the Gram stain test. The Gram staining method, developed by Hans Christian Gram, identifies bacteria based upon the reaction of their cell walls to certain dyes and chemicals. The differences between Gram positive vs Gram negative bacteria are primarily related to their cell wall composition. Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed mostly of a substance unique to bacteria known as peptidoglycan, or murein. These bacteria stain purple after Gram staining. Gram negative bacteria have cell walls with only a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane with a lipopolysaccharide component not found in Gram positive bacteria. Gram negative bacteria stain red or pink after Gram staining. Gram Positive Bacteria The cell walls of Gram positive bacteria differ structurally from the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria. The primary component of bacterial cell walls is peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a macromolecule composed of sugars and amino acids that are assembled structurally like woven material. The amino sugar component consists of alternating molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). These molecules are crosslinked together by short peptides which help give peptidoglycan strength and structure. Peptidoglycan provides protection for bacteria and defines their shape. This image shows the cell wall composition of Gram positive bacteria. CNX OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0 The Gram positive cell wall has several layers of peptidoglycan. The thick layers of peptidoglycan help to support the cell membrane and provide a place of attachment for other molecules. The thick layers also enable Gram positive bacteria to retain most of the crystal violet dye during Gram staining causing them to appear purple. Gram positive cell walls also contain chains of teichoic acid that extend from the plasma membrane through the peptidoglycan cell wall. These sugar-containing polymers assist in maintaining cell shape and play a role in proper cell division. Teichoic acid helps some Gram positive bacteria to infect cells and cause disease. Some Gram positive bacteria have an additional component, mycolic acid, in their cell walls. Mycolic acids produce a waxy outer layer that provides additional protection for mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gram positive bacteria with mycolic acid are also called acid-fast bacteria because they require a special staining method, known as acid-fast staining, for microscope observation. Pathogenic Gram positive bacteria cause disease by the secretion of toxic proteins known as exotoxins. Exotoxins are synthesized within the prokaryotic cell and released into the exterior of the cell. They are specific to certain bacterial stains and can cause serious damage to body organs and tissues. Some Gram negative bacteria also produce exotoxins. Gram Positive Cocci Gram positive cocci refer to Gram positive bacteria that are spherically shaped. Two genera of Gram positive cocci noted for their role as human pathogens are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Staphylococcus are spherical in shape and their cells appear in clusters after they divide. Streptococcus cells appear as long chains of cells after division. Examples of Gram positive cocci that colonize the skin include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus (round) bacteria that is found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and many animals. The bacteria are usually harmless, but infections can occur on broken skin or within a blocked sweat or sebaceous gland, resulting in boils, pustules and abscesses. Paul Gunning/Science Photo Library/Getty Images While all three are part of the normal human microbiota, they can cause disease under certain conditions. Staphylococcus epidermidis form thick biofilms and can cause infections associated with implanted medical devices. Some Staphylococcus aureus strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have become resistant to antibiotics and can lead to the development of serious illness. Streptococcus pyogenes can cause strep throat, scarlet fever, blood poisoning, and flesh-eating disease. Gram Negative Bacteria Like Gram positive bacteria, the Gram negative bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. However, the peptidoglycan is a single thin layer compared to the thick layers in Gram positive cells. This thin layer does not retain the initial crystal violet dye but picks up the pink color of the counterstain during Gram staining. The cell wall structure of Gram negative bacteria is more complex than that of Gram positive bacteria. Located between the plasma membrane and the thin peptidoglycan layer is a gel-like matrix called periplasmic space. Unlike in Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane layer that is external to the peptidoglycan cell wall. Membrane proteins, murein lipoproteins, attach the outer membrane to the cell wall. This image shows the cell wall composition of Gram negative bacteria. CNX OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0 Another unique characteristic of Gram negative bacteria is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on the outer membrane. LPS is a large glycolipid complex that protects bacteria from harmful substances in their environment. It is also a bacterial toxin (endotoxin) that can cause inflammation and septic shock in humans if it enters the blood. There are three components of the LPS: Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O antigen. The lipid A component attaches the LPS to the outer membrane. Attached to the lipid A is the core polyssaccharide. It is located between the lipid A component and the O antigen. The O antigen component is attached to the core polyssaccharide and differs between bacterial species. It can be used to identify specific strains of harmful bacteria. Gram Negative Cocci Gram negative cocci refer to Gram negative bacteria that are spherically shaped. Bacteria of the genus Neisseria are examples of Gram negative cocci that cause disease in humans. Neisseria meningitidis is diplococcus, meaning that its spherical cells remain in pairs after cell division. Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and can also cause septicemia and shock. Neisseria meningitidis are spherical, Gram negative bacteria which cause meningitis in humans. The bacteria are typically seen in pairs, each one concave on the side facing its partner. Health Protection Agency/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Another diplococcus bacterium, N. gonorrhoeae, is the pathogen responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram negative diplococcus that causes ear infections in children, upper respiratory system infections, endocarditis, and meningitis. Gram negative coccobacillus bacteria have bacterial shapes that are in between spherical and rod shaped. Bacteria of the genus Haemophilus and Acinetobacter are coccobacilli that cause serious infections. Haemophilus influenzae can cause meningitis, sinus infections, and pneumonia. Acinetobacter species cause pneumonia and wound infections. Key Points: Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria Most bacteria can be broadly classified as Gram positive or Gram negative.Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed of thick layers of peptidoglycan.Gram positive cells stain purple when subjected to a Gram stain procedure.Gram negative bacteria have cell walls with a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The cell wall also includes an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules attached.Gram negative bacteria stain pink when subjected to a Gram stain procedure.While both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria produce exotoxins, only Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins. Sources Silhavy, T. J., et al. The Bacterial Cell Envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 2, no. 5, 2010, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414.Swoboda, Jonathan G., et al. Wall Teichoic Acid Function, Biosynthesis, and Inhibition. ChemBioChem, vol. 11, no. 1, June 2009, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1002/cbic.200900557.

Dorothy Day essays

Dorothy Day essays Dorothy Day was born in Brooklyn, New York on November 8,1897. After the earthquake in 1906, her family moved to Chicagos south side. Into a place not as nice as the one in New York because her father, John, was out of work. When John Day got a new job as a sports editor for the Chicago newspaper, they moved to the north side in a better home. Dorothy won a scholarship to the University of Illinois in the fall of 1914 but was a reluctant scholar. Dropping out of college 2 years later, she moves to New York and became a reporter. She next worked for The Masses, a magazine that opposed the involvement in the European war. In November of 1917, Day went to prison for being one of forty women in front of the white house protesting womens exclusion from the electorate. The women were roughly handled and responded with a hunger strike, finally they were freed by presidential order. In 1924, Dorothy Day began a four-year common-law marriage with Forster Bathroom, an English botanist. Forster found it hard to believe in god in a world of such cruelty. Together, they had a baby girl, born on March 3, 1927, named Tamar Theresa Day. She thought the birth of her child was a miracle. After Tamars baptism, there was a permanent break with Batterham. Dorothy Day started The Catholic worker, a newspaper that publicized Catholic social teaching and promoted steps to bring about the peaceful transformation of society. The first copies were handed out on May 1. She decided to sell the paper for one penny so that anyone could afford to buy it. Homeless people began to come to Days home after reading the magazine. She began to put her principles into practice, her apartment was the seed of many houses of hospitality to come. By the wintertime, an apartment was rented with space for ten women, soon after a place was also available for men. The Catholic Worker became a national movement. By 1936 there were 33 Catho ...

Ecotourism in China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ecotourism in China - Term Paper Example Some of the core areas where ecotourism intends to operate are: facilitating environmental sustainability and ecological conservation of different types of habitats that may exist in a certain geographical region. In addition to this, ecotourism pre-dominantly accentuates upon the social aspects and dimensions of tourism, rather than focusing on acquiring commercial and monetary gains only. Different agendas and programs, which are launched and initiated under the banner of ecotourism policies, intend to launch schemes and awareness programs. By the help of these programs, they can educate and inform people at a massive level. This education looks at different ways through which people can play a proactive role in bettering their very own environment. At the same time, it also urges them to make efforts through which sustainable development of environment is possible. Case of Yixian valley and Ecotourism in China The Yixian Valley is located about 450 km from Shanghai, in the south o f Anhui Province and close to Huangshan. It’s famous for "Yellow Mountains", landscapes and pleasant weather. This valley is a member of the global network of UNESCO Geoparks. By the end of 2004, benefiting from very high investments, the region implemented 290 projects in eight key programs. These programs were aimed at the development of ecotourism, organic farming, and preservation of scenic beauty, energy enhancement, water work industry, development planning and transport. The key selection criteria due to which Yixian has been selected, is the fact that it is one of those places in the country where some serious and high level efforts for the development of ecotourism have taken place in recent years. This place has also been a centre of ecotourism investment, even for... The paper describes some of the fundamental organizations which are playing a proactive part and role in ensuring the sustainability of ecotourism in China. An important company to mention in this context is Wild China. This company was founded in 2000 by entrepreneur Zhang Mei, a Chinese native of Yunnan Province, who was educated in the United States. The company decided to help the government of the province to develop its tourist economy while preserving the beauty of places and cultures. Since its founding, Wild China is naturally oriented towards ecotourism. It started by organizing custom tours for individual travelers and has always proposed routes outside areas traditionally popular with mass tourism. It deliberately started its operations in the western provinces, such as Qinghai and Gansu, where no one was operational in 2000. At that time, all agencies were facing east, the most developed region of China. From the very beginning, the company only worked with local guides, train and paying tourists. It was a revolution since many guides in China are poorly paid and are forced to pay commissions to stores from where they take groups. It also marketed on saving paper by printing brochures on recycled paper and refraining from using plastic in its operations. In places like Beijing, they tried to take tourists to areas less frequented and organized meals with the residents, as well as the traditional tai-chi workshops. Since then, that unique business proposition of Wild China has been copied! For them, the goal is not to "make China" but to meet Chinese people.

A Marketing Plan for an Asset Management Company Using GPS Satellite Literature review

A Marketing Plan for an Asset Management Company Using GPS Satellite Technology - Literature review Example Haghighat (2008) conducted a research on the usage of GPS technology and noted down examples of numerous industries like airlines as well as logistics that have used this technology to generate competitive advantage. The author has also stated the use of this technology even in areas like agriculture and farming (Haghighat, 2008, p.2). Parsons & Oja (2011) in their research on GPS technology stated the use of GPS towards research purposes and also states the use of this product in areas like policing and tourism (Parsons & Oja, 2011, p.42). Gulati & Paoni in association with the Kellogg School of Management (2003) conducted a research on the use of GPS technology in logistic companies and stated that the use of this technology can largely help firms and suppliers to track down the trucks and other shipments that can help them keep a track on the exact location of the shipments (Gulati, Paoni & Kellogg School of Management, 2003, p.214). ... Firms choosing a differentiation strategy sell a product that is largely distinct of its kind in the market. Firms adopting this strategy focus on a specific customer segment and charge a premium for its differentiated products and services. Focus strategy is adopted by firms who generally try to attract a very niche customer segment with a very specific product offering to target very specific needs and wants of the selected customer segment. The author largely advocates firms to adopt and implement either one of these strategies so as to help formulate strategies that can use the resources of the organization in the best possible manner to generate competitive advantage for the organization (Botten, 2007, p.263). SWOT Analysis In order to efficiently take advantage of the market opportunities it is necessary to conduct an internal analysis of the firm. Pahl & Richter (2009) conducted a research in this regard and stated the use of SWOT as a tool for internal analysis. SWOT is a too l that can be used by firms to analyze their internal strengths and weaknesses and also identify the external opportunities and threats. According to the authors a SWOT analysis largely helps firms to analyse the extent to which the strategies of the firm can help in maintaining sustainability within the organization. Firms can largely use this technique to identify their areas of strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats and use i8ts strengths to leverage upon the opportunities and to eliminate their weakness and minimise the threats. The authors also stated that this toll can also help firms to prepare a BCG matrix or implement a balanced scorecard as a tool for monitoring and